In recent years, various leak detection systems have emerged both domestically and internationally, playing a significant role in identifying water leaks in main water supply pipelines. For instance, the leak detection system developed by Kay Company in the U.S. is highly effective, but its high cost and large size make it unsuitable for widespread use in households and small-scale units. Similarly, the F-series leak detection equipment from a Chinese company lacks network connectivity and does not support features like phone calls, SMS alerts, or email notifications, which severely limits its application scope. As a result, there is a strong need to develop a low-power, cost-effective device that can be widely adopted by individuals and organizations. This kind of system would be especially useful for detecting leaks near the water supply terminal, helping to prevent accidental damage and ensuring timely maintenance, thus avoiding unnecessary waste of water resources.
**1. System Networking and Overall Design**
The system networking consists of a central monitoring module and multiple on-site monitoring nodes, forming a comprehensive water leakage monitoring network. The central monitoring module receives and processes data, triggering alarms through methods such as telephone dialing, SMS alerts, and sound/light signals, ensuring quick response and repair. The on-site monitoring nodes are responsible for accurately detecting and identifying the location of leaks at the water supply terminal. When a leak is detected, the data transmission module sends an alert to the central system, which then notifies maintenance personnel. The overall system design is illustrated in Figure 1.
**2. Hardware Design of the On-Site Monitoring Node**
The on-site monitoring node includes an embedded industrial control module, an ultrasonic flow detection module, a pyroelectric human body detection module, a wireless transceiver circuit, a sound and light alarm circuit, and a solenoid valve control circuit. The hardware components are shown in Figure 2.
**2.1 Embedded Industrial Control Module M2080**
The M2080-U20 is a cost-effective MiniARM industrial control module based on the LPC2220 embedded microcontroller. It integrates the ARM minimum system, Ethernet/CAN/USB controllers, and onboard Flash into a compact package. It comes pre-installed with the μC/OS-II real-time operating system, along with basic drivers, middleware libraries (including FAT file management, Ethernet, CAN bus, USB Device/Host/OTG, CF/SD/MMC card support, ZLG500, GPRS/CDMA modules), and features bus protection design for excellent EMC performance and stability.
**2.2 Ultrasonic Flow Detection Module**
**2.2.1 Principle of Ultrasonic Flow Monitoring**
Ultrasonic flow monitoring uses a non-intrusive or clamped ultrasonic sensor installed on existing pipelines. The basic structure is shown in Figure 3. Ultrasonic waves enter the pipe and liquid through a wedge made of plastic or metal. According to Snell's Law, the sound wave generates transverse and longitudinal waves at the interface between the steel pipe and liquid. The transverse wave enters the liquid, while the longitudinal wave is fully reflected. Once inside the liquid, the wave becomes a longitudinal wave again and is received by the second ultrasonic transducer through the opposite wall and acoustic wedge. The signal from transducer 1 to 2 is forward, and the reverse path is backward.
The time difference method measures flow rate by calculating the time difference between the forward and reverse propagation of the ultrasonic pulse in the liquid. The specific calculation formula and measurement method are detailed in relevant literature.
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