Lithium-ion batteries are composed of several key components, including the electrolyte, separator, positive electrode material, and negative electrode material. Among these, the positive electrode material plays a dominant role, typically accounting for 3 to 4 times the mass of the negative electrode material. This is because the performance of the positive electrode directly influences the overall performance of the battery, and its cost significantly impacts the total production cost.
A lithium-ion battery operates on the principle of reversible lithium ion insertion and extraction between two different intercalation compounds—one serving as the positive electrode and the other as the negative electrode. During charging, lithium ions are extracted from the positive electrode's crystal lattice, travel through the electrolyte, and are then inserted into the negative electrode’s structure, making it lithium-rich while the positive electrode becomes lithium-depleted. During discharge, the process reverses: lithium ions move from the negative electrode back to the positive electrode, restoring its lithium content. The voltage of the battery depends on the difference in the potential of these materials relative to metallic lithium.
As a next-generation green energy storage technology, lithium-ion batteries are known for their high voltage, large capacity, low self-discharge, no memory effect, and environmental friendliness. They also offer compact size, low internal resistance, and a long cycle life. These advantages have made them widely used in consumer electronics such as mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras, and video recorders, as well as in military and industrial applications.
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