Human life is accompanied by light every day, and architecture and the city are closely related to light. The Chinese lanterns shine in the world, the glory shines on the capital, and the 50th anniversary of the new China, the night scene of the city attracts millions of people, showing the great artistic appeal of light, and inspiring the architects and urban planners to create the impulse of night lighting. Light is the source of life, light is the element of human settlements, creating bright and comfortable buildings and cities for human habitation. The beautiful light environment is the unshirkable responsibility of architects and planners.
First, the light of human survival, the survival of mankind is inseparable from the cultivation of the sun
Light stimulates vision, allowing us to see and perceive the surrounding environment, thereby gaining 80% of the outside world.
The natural light changes over and over again to control the human body clock, keeping our life rhythm balanced.
Sunlight produces vitamins and many of the so-called unknown nutrients that keep our bodies healthy and healthy.
Light, bright, cheerful, active light and invigorating spirit make us psychologically satisfied.
When the sun sets and the night falls, people still have nostalgia for the light brought by the sun. From the ancient times, the fire was drilled, the caves were lit, the grass sheds, and the high-rise buildings in modern cities were brilliantly lit. Humans have been pursuing the use of artificial light sources to continue their own lives. Time for activities to expand the space for your activities. At present, the world consumes 2 trillion KW.h of electricity per year (equivalent to the power generation of 24 Three Gorges power stations) for artificial lighting. The production of this power will discharge more than one billion tons of VICO2 and more than 10 million tons of SO2. Electric lighting, while benefiting human beings, also consumes a lot of energy and causes serious pollution to human living environment.
Second, architecture, city and light
1. Light and architecture and city symbiosis From the beginning of the first year (125 years) on the roof of the Roman Pantheon, the simple round hole (8.9 meters in diameter) to the end of the 20th century (1999) Berlin's parliament building with grand mirror and crystal glass construction The Scorpio (40 meters in diameter); from the ancient times until the 19th century, the faint candlelights to the night city where the lights are everywhere, looking back at the historical process of urban and architectural development, we can clearly see the light technology and light culture With the simultaneous development of cities and buildings, we can also see how important technological advances in lighting and lighting have had on urban and architectural features and modern urban life.
2. 20th century lighting technology has achieved outstanding achievements The achievements of lighting technology in the 20th century mainly include the following three aspects:
First, a lot of research on the evaluation of light environment quality has laid a scientific foundation for modern lighting design. There are:
1 Experimental study of visual effects A visual effect refers to the speed and precision of visual work performed under certain lighting conditions. In order to achieve good results, it is necessary to provide a corresponding level of illumination. This study determined the correlation between different visual work characteristics (object size, contrast between diagonal and background brightness, length of observation, etc.) and its required illumination level, and found a scientific basis for the development of reasonable lighting standards.
2 Research on glare effect A glare is like an environment pollution. Slight glare makes the vision uncomfortable, and in other cases reduces visibility and even damages vision. The focus of this research is to propose methods for predicting glare and to develop measures to prevent glare.
3 Research on the influence of light color hobbies and color rendering of a light source A modern lighting technology can produce different light colors (cold, warm and neutral) to meet the needs of various environments. Studying the differences in light and color hobbies among people from different regions, different nationalities and different cultural backgrounds is of guiding significance for achieving higher psychological satisfaction in the light environment and creating a suitable light atmosphere. The difference between the color rendering performance of the electric light source and the natural light is due to the difference in the color rendering performance of the electric light source from the daylight. This difference in gas discharge lamps is particularly pronounced. While striving to improve the color rendering performance of electric light sources, the influence of color "distortion" caused by poor color rendering of light sources on visual senses is of great value to lighting design.
Based on the above research results, countries around the world have proposed various quantitative indicators to evaluate the quality of lighting, and have developed and gradually improved the standards, regulations or recommendations for lighting design. The "Interior Work Lighting Standards (Draft)" recently developed by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) proposes a unified illumination (E), uniform glare level (UGR) and general color rendering index (Ra). As the basis of lighting design, indicators make the lighting design more scientific and standardized.
Second, in creating a natural light environment:
1 Developed advanced design tools for various model experiments and computer simulations, which can accurately predict the illumination level of natural daylight, and can realistically and subtly simulate the shape effect of buildings under skylight and sunlight.
2 Produce a variety of light-transmitting materials that integrate light collection, heat and excellent performance, and master complex processing and installation techniques. The 40m diameter and 23.5m high glass dome of the Berlin Parliament Building, completed in 1999, is a masterpiece of modern daylighting technology. In order to introduce light into the lower parliament hall, an inverted cone consisting of 360 mirrors of nearly 20 m height was placed in the center of the dome, and each mirror was carefully adjusted over the angle during construction.
3 Invented the light pipe system that delivers natural light to the ground and to any area where natural light is insufficient.
4Using electronic technology and sophisticated mechanism to automatically control indoor natural light and adjust the distribution of light.
Third, outstanding achievements:
1 Popularization and improvement of gas discharge lamps: In 1939, fluorescent lamps were invented. In the late 1960s, high-pressure sodium lamps and metal halide lamps (the latter two are collectively referred to as high-intensity discharge lamps, namely HID lamps). They emit light by means of gas discharge, which is a second-generation light source completely different from the incandescent lamp of thermal radiation source, and its light efficiency and life are much better than incandescent lamps. Since the mid-1970s, due to the emphasis on lighting energy conservation, the production of gas discharge lamps has proliferated and rapidly spread. At the same time, the quality of the lamps has been significantly improved, and the variety specifications have become increasingly abundant and complete. Take fluorescent lamps as an example. The application of trichromatic phosphors, the popularity of compact low-power fluorescent lamps and the replacement of 26mm and 38mm diameter old lamps with 28W16mm diameter thin-tube fluorescent lamps, which greatly improve the quality of fluorescent lamps, wider application range and more economical lamp materials. The light effect has also been further improved.
2 The invention and application of the third generation light source After the 1990, the third generation light source such as induction lamp (QL lamp), sulfur lamp, microwave lamp and light emitting diode has gradually entered the market from the laboratory and realized commercialization. The luminescence mechanism of these lamps has been completely innovated, with longer life and higher luminous efficiency, which will revolutionize the way of illumination in the future.
3 Electronic technology applied to lighting devices, intelligent lighting control and lighting design, greatly saving energy, expanding the flexibility, mobility and diversity of lighting. After optimized combination, the lighting is more rationally applied, and the lighting design is more Convenient, precise and image.
4 Urban public lighting and landscape lighting are expanding and perfecting, and architectural lighting techniques are constantly innovating. Such as reflective lighting (indirect lighting) fiber lighting, light pipe lighting, color changing lighting, laser lighting, etc., the lighting form is colorful.