USB Type-C is no longer a new topic. The most significant difference between this interface and the traditional Type-A or Micro-B ports lies in its reversible design. By symmetry in the upper left and lower right of the 24 contacts, half of the positions allow for normal operation regardless of whether it's inserted upright or upside down. This design eliminates the need to worry about the orientation of the connector.
As USB Type-C usage becomes more widespread, it's clear that this versatile port is quickly becoming the standard. The simplest version of the USB Type-C interface supports USB 2.0 (D+ and D-), but also includes high-speed signal pairs, enabling speeds up to USB 3.1 Gen1 (5 Gbps) or even USB 3.1 Gen2 (10 Gbps) via Tx+/- and Rx+/- signals.
In addition, USB Type-C can increase power delivery from the original 5V/3A to 20V/5A using the Power Delivery (PD) protocol. Starting with PD 2.0, an additional feature called Alternative Mode (Alt-Mode) was introduced. This allows the pin configuration to be redefined, enabling the USB Type-C port to transmit not only data and power, but also video signals.
With the ability to transfer data, power, and video, USB Type-C is now found in many new flagship smartphones and the latest laptops, signaling a growing trend. In 2017, three major USB Type-C specifications were released, focusing on data, power, and video capabilities.
One of these was USB 3.2, which was announced in September 2017. It uses both high-speed signal pairs of the USB Type-C connector simultaneously, doubling the speed of USB 3.1 Gen2 (from 10 Gbps to 20 Gbps). Previously, USB 3.1 Gen1 or Gen2 used only one pair of high-speed signals, which limited them to older Type-A interfaces. Therefore, USB 3.2 is essentially tailored for USB Type-C.
The main feature of USB 3.2 is its increased transmission speed to 20 Gbps, with the USB 3.1 Gen2 line length reaching up to 2 meters. In the USB Type-C specification, both sides use standard cables. The length of the USB 3.1 Gen2 cable is less than 1 meter, while the USB 3.1 Gen1 cable can be up to 2 meters long.
Through USB 3.2 technology, 5 Gbps signals are sent over two pairs of high-speed lines, allowing 10 Gbps to be transmitted within 2 meters. For hub applications, with double the bandwidth per pair, each downstream port of the hub can achieve full speed.
PPS (Programmable Power Supply) was developed to meet fast charging requirements. On December 12, 2017, a seminar on fast charging standards was held in Songshan Lake, Dongguan. China’s communication industry standard for mobile device fast charging was officially issued, requiring the use of PD when both charger and phone have USB Type-C ports. PPS was also developed to address current fast charging needs.
Previously, chargers increased output voltage to boost charging speed, but this caused efficiency loss due to step-down circuits in phones. To solve this, PPS was introduced to allow direct battery connection without the need for a step-down circuit. PPS defines four standard voltages: 5V (adjustable 3–5.9V), 9V (adjustable 3–11V), 15V (adjustable 3–16V), and 20V (adjustable 3–21V). Each range allows for a minimum 20mV voltage step or 50mA current step adjustment.
By working with chip manufacturers, devices can charge batteries at 6A, 9A, or 12A using a 3A wire. For example, Weifeng Electronics’ VP300 chip supports PD 3.0 and QC 3.0 protocols and integrates TL431 for feedback control. It also features built-in 5V LDO and Vconn power supply for E-Marker devices.
The 1.3 version of the USB Type-C specification introduced the Vconn Power Device (VPD), which can accept both Vbus and 3V from Vconn. This helps maintain a lithium battery’s minimum discharge voltage. Previously, Vbus required boosting to 5V, causing inefficiencies. With Vconn, power conversion can be optimized.
E-Markers are placed in USB Type-C cables, storing information like current capacity and voltage. They draw power from Vconn to function. At the 2017 USB Developer Conference, multi-port chargers were discussed, including Assured Capacity and Shared Capacity Ports.
Assured Capacity ports guarantee specific wattage, while Shared Capacity ports share total wattage among all ports. For example, a 60W shared charger might allocate 27W max per port, ensuring overall balance. This system prevents overloading and ensures efficient power distribution.
In 2017, many flagship phones supported DP Alt-Mode, allowing HDMI output through USB Type-C. This enabled video streaming to larger screens, offering a PC-like experience with drag-and-drop and mouse controls. Such applications will become more common in the future, enhancing both home entertainment and business use.
Imagine a future where you carry just your phone and connect it to a hotel TV for work or entertainment, all through USB Type-C. This versatile port continues to redefine how we interact with our devices.
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