In the context of expanding emergency response capabilities, the fire department increasingly faces incidents involving trapped individuals due to elevator malfunctions. However, due to limited knowledge about elevator structures and operational principles, many firefighters resort to using demolition tools to open elevator doors, often causing unnecessary damage to the equipment. This not only leads to financial losses for the building owners but also results in criticism from both the owners and elevator maintenance personnel. Therefore, it is crucial to enhance understanding of such incidents and adopt appropriate rescue methods tailored to different types of accidents, ensuring successful rescues while minimizing damage.
**Types of Elevator Accidents**
Elevator accidents can be broadly categorized into three main types: door system failures, over-speed or bottoming incidents, and other miscellaneous issues. According to statistical data, door system failures account for approximately 80% of all elevator-related incidents, followed by over-speed or bottoming events at around 15%, with the remaining 5% classified as other types. Door system failures are the most common and frequent type of accident.
**(1) Door System Failures**
Door system failures are primarily attributed to the frequent operation of elevator doors, which leads to accelerated wear and tear of the door locks. Over time, these mechanical or electrical safety devices may become unreliable, increasing the risk of malfunctions. If not addressed promptly, this can result in passengers being trapped inside the elevator.
**(2) Over-Speed or Bottoming Incidents**
An over-speed or bottoming incident occurs when an elevator loses control and either descends too quickly or ascends beyond its designated limits. These sudden movements can cause severe damage and even injuries to passengers. The impact force involved is significant, making these incidents particularly dangerous.
**(3) Other Types of Accidents**
Other incidents typically stem from malfunctioning or unreliable components within the elevator system. Examples include situations where the elevator becomes stuck between floors, passengers fall into the shaft, or there are unexpected stops during operation.
**Rescue Measures**
**(1) Using a Triangle Key to Open Doors**
Elevators are equipped with a special triangle key used to open both the car door and the landing door. When the elevator stops at a floor, rescuers should first contact the trapped individuals via phone or communication devices to keep them calm. Then, they should turn off the power supply and use the triangle key to open the doors and assist the passengers out safely.
**(2) Utilizing the Traction Machine for Rescue**
Modern elevators come with emergency operating systems that allow the car to move slowly, enabling safe evacuation. If the elevator is between two floors, rescuers must determine the exact position before initiating the process. This involves turning off the power, accessing the machine room, and manually operating the traction system to lower the car to the nearest floor. Careful control is essential to avoid further complications.
**(3) Using the Safety Window**
In cases where the traction system fails, the safety window on the top of the elevator car can be used as an alternative. Rescuers can access the roof through the safety window, open the door from above, and guide the trapped individuals out in a controlled manner. Safety ropes and proper precautions are necessary to prevent falls or injuries.
**(4) Breaking the Elevator Door**
If the triangular key method fails due to mechanical issues, firefighters may need to break the elevator door. This involves inserting tools like a crowbar into the door gap and gradually prying it open using hydraulic jacks or air bags. Once the door is opened, the trapped individuals can be rescued quickly and safely.
**Important Considerations**
**(1) Calming the Trapped Individuals**
During an elevator failure, trapped individuals may experience fear and anxiety. Firefighters should communicate with them through walkie-talkies, phones, or verbal reassurance to keep them calm and patient. Continuous communication is essential throughout the rescue process.
**(2) Collaboration with Professional Maintenance Teams**
According to guidelines issued by the Ministry of Construction, elevator management units must have trained personnel and maintenance contracts in place. Firefighters should work closely with these professionals to ensure a coordinated and safe rescue operation, avoiding potential secondary incidents caused by improper actions.
**(3) Post-Rescue Procedures**
After the rescue, the elevator should be temporarily disabled and clearly marked. A professional inspection must be conducted to ensure the system is safe before it is put back into service.
**(4) Minimizing Damage**
Firefighters should prioritize non-destructive methods whenever possible. Demolition should only be used as a last resort, as it can lead to costly repairs and long-term damage to the elevator.
**(5) Training and Research**
To improve their skills, firefighters should study elevator mechanics and participate in targeted training programs. This includes gaining certifications in elevator operations, which can significantly enhance their ability to handle future incidents effectively.
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