1. **Resistivity** – also known as specific resistance, is a physical property that measures how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. It is denoted by the symbol Ï and measured in ohm-meters (Ω·m). Resistivity is numerically equal to the resistance of a wire that is 1 meter long and has a cross-sectional area of 1 square millimeter made from the same material. At 20°C, higher resistivity means lower conductivity. The value of resistivity changes with temperature, and this change is often expressed as the temperature coefficient α, which represents the fractional increase in resistivity per degree Celsius. The unit of α is 1/°C.
2. **Temperature Coefficient of Resistance** – refers to the rate at which the resistivity of a material changes with temperature. It is defined as the ratio of the change in resistivity to the original resistivity for each 1°C increase in temperature, typically represented by α and measured in 1/°C.
3. **Conductance** – is the measure of how easily electric current flows through a material. In a direct current (DC) circuit, conductance is the reciprocal of resistance and is denoted by G, with units of siemens (S).
4. **Conductivity** – also known as the conductance coefficient, is a physical quantity that measures how well a material conducts electricity. It is the reciprocal of resistivity and is represented by γ, with units of siemens per meter (S/m).
5. **Electromotive Force (EMF)** – is the potential difference generated when other forms of energy are converted into electrical energy. It is denoted by E and measured in volts (V).
6. **Self-Inductance** – occurs when a changing current in a closed loop induces an electromotive force (EMF) in the same loop due to the changing magnetic flux it produces. This induced EMF is called self-induced EMF.
7. **Mutual Inductance** – happens when two coils are placed close to each other. A changing current in one coil creates a varying magnetic flux that links with the second coil, inducing an EMF in it. This phenomenon is known as mutual inductance.
8. **Inductance** – is the general term that includes both self-inductance and mutual inductance.
9. **Inductive Reactance** – is the opposition offered by an inductor to alternating current (AC). It is denoted by X_L and calculated using the formula X_L = 2πfL, where f is the frequency and L is the inductance.
10. **Capacitive Reactance** – is the opposition offered by a capacitor to AC. It is denoted by X_C and given by the formula X_C = 1/(2πfC), where f is the frequency and C is the capacitance.
11. **Pulsating Current** – is a type of current whose magnitude varies over time but does not reverse direction.
12. **Amplitude** – is the maximum value of an alternating current (AC) during one cycle.
13. **Average Value** – is the average of the instantaneous values of AC over a specific period. For sinusoidal waves, it is usually taken over the positive half-cycle and is approximately 0.637 times the peak amplitude.
14. **RMS (Root Mean Square)** – is the effective value of an AC current or voltage. It is the DC equivalent that would produce the same heating effect in a resistor. For a sine wave, RMS is about 0.707 times the peak value.
15. **Active Power** – also known as real power, is the average power consumed by resistive components in an AC circuit. It is measured in watts (W) and denoted by P.
16. **Apparent Power** – is the product of the RMS voltage and RMS current in an AC circuit containing both resistance and reactance. It is measured in volt-amperes (VA) and denoted by S.
17. **Reactive Power** – is the power exchanged between the source and reactive components like inductors and capacitors. It is measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR) and denoted by Q. Unlike active power, it does not result in net energy consumption.
18. **Power Factor** – is the ratio of active power to apparent power in an AC circuit. It indicates how effectively electrical power is being used and is represented by cosφ.
19. **Phase Voltage** – is the voltage between any one of the three phase lines and the neutral line in a three-phase system.
20. **Line Voltage** – is the voltage between any two of the three phase lines in a three-phase system. It is approximately 1.732 times the phase voltage.
21. **Phasor** – is a vector representation of a sinusoidal quantity, showing its magnitude and phase angle. It is commonly used in AC circuit analysis.
22. **Magnetic Flux** – is the total number of magnetic field lines passing through a given area. It is denoted by φ and measured in webers (Wb).
23. **Magnetic Flux Density** – is the amount of magnetic flux per unit area. It is denoted by B and measured in teslas (T). It is numerically equal to the magnetic field strength.
24. **Magnetoresistance** – is the opposition to magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit, similar to electrical resistance. It is denoted by R_m and measured in inverse henrys (1/H).
25. **Magnetic Permeability** – is a measure of how easily a material can be magnetized. It is denoted by μ and measured in henrys per meter (H/m).
26. **Hysteresis** – is the lagging of magnetic induction behind the magnetic field in ferromagnetic materials during repeated magnetization cycles.
27. **Hysteresis Loop** – is a closed curve that shows the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and magnetic field strength (H) in a ferromagnetic material. It illustrates hysteresis behavior.
28. **Basic Magnetization Curve** – is the curve that connects the peaks of multiple hysteresis loops obtained by varying the maximum magnetic field strength. It represents the saturation characteristics of a material.
29. **Hysteresis Loss** – is the energy lost in a ferromagnetic material due to hysteresis when exposed to an alternating magnetic field. This loss results in heat generation.
30. **Breakdown** – is the phenomenon where an insulating material becomes electrically conductive under the influence of a strong electric field, leading to a sudden discharge.
31. **Dielectric Constant** – also known as permittivity, is a measure of a material’s ability to store electrical energy in an electric field. It is denoted by ε and measured in farads per meter (F/m).
32. **Electromagnetic Induction** – is the process by which a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor.
33. **Skin Effect** – is the tendency of high-frequency alternating current to concentrate near the surface of a conductor, reducing the effective cross-sectional area and increasing resistance.
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