This paper explores the integration of sensor technology with "LED + intelligent" lighting systems, highlighting how sensors play a crucial role in managing and optimizing lighting environments. The working principles, hardware design, and software solutions are discussed to demonstrate the importance of sensors in creating smart lighting systems. Looking ahead, the fusion of LED lighting with advanced sensors and wireless communication technologies is expected to become more widespread, offering users a more comfortable and energy-efficient lighting experience.
Introduction
As living standards continue to rise, LED lighting has become increasingly popular across residential, commercial, public, and landscape settings. With the integration of various sensors and intelligent control systems, the energy-saving potential of LED lighting is being fully realized. In an "LED + intelligent" lighting system, sensors act as information transmitters and interaction interfaces, enabling precise control over lighting duration to reduce energy consumption. They are essential components for achieving smart control. This article focuses on the synergy between "LED + smart" lighting and sensing technology, aiming to create a more comfortable and sustainable lighting environment. As traditional lighting evolves into intelligent systems, sensors have become key elements in managing and controlling LED lighting products effectively.
1 Overview of Sensing Technology
To gather information from the external world, humans rely on their sensory organs. In the process of information transmission, obtaining accurate and reliable data is fundamental. Sensors serve as the primary means of collecting environmental data in both natural and industrial settings. According to the national standard GB/T 7665-2005, a sensor is defined as a device that can measure and convert physical quantities into usable output signals, typically consisting of a sensitive component and a conversion component.
1.1 Typical Sensors
(1) Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor: A pyroelectric infrared sensor (PIR) is a thermosensitive device made of pyroelectric material that converts infrared radiation into electrical signals. When the detector’s surface temperature remains constant, internal charges balance with surface adsorption charges. However, when the external infrared temperature changes, the sensitive element experiences a temperature shift, causing a current to be released. Once the temperature stabilizes, the current balances out, and no signal is generated from a stationary heat source. These sensors are commonly used in lighting applications to detect human movement due to their low ambient temperature requirements, high sensitivity, and wide spectral response.
Figure 1 Principle of pyroelectric infrared detector
Fresnel lenses are often used alongside PIR sensors to enhance detection range and focus. These lenses, made of polyolefin or glass, help modulate and focus infrared signals, allowing the system to detect changes in heat sources. The combination of Fresnel lenses and PIR sensors is shown in Figure 2, where the system processes data and sends it to the control center for analysis and decision-making.
Figure 2 Application of Fresnel lens and pyroelectric infrared detector
(2) Photo-sensitive Sensor: A photo-sensitive sensor, also known as a photovaristor, is a semiconductor device that detects ambient light and converts optical signals into electrical signals. The resistance of the sensor changes depending on the intensity of the incoming light—high brightness reduces resistance, while low brightness increases it. These sensors are widely used in lighting control, such as in street lamps that automatically turn on at night and off at dawn.
Figure 3 Photosensitive sensor circuit
(3) Sound Sensor: A sound sensor consists of a microphone, amplifier, channel selection circuit, delay-on circuit, and thyristor control circuit. It compares the detected sound level with a pre-set threshold to determine whether to activate the control circuit. These sensors are commonly found in corridors and public spaces, where they respond to human activity by turning lights on and off automatically.
(4) Temperature Sensor: A temperature sensor detects temperature changes and converts them into electrical signals. Due to poor heat dissipation in LED lighting, overheating is a common issue. Temperature sensors are used to monitor and regulate the temperature of LED fixtures, ensuring safe operation and prolonging their lifespan.
Figure 4 NTC over temperature protection circuit
1.2 "LED + Intelligent" Lighting and Sensing Technology
With the rise of the Internet of Things, every object or scene needs to be equipped with sensors to collect and transmit data. The architecture of an "LED + smart" lighting system includes sensors at each application point, with a structured control plan for LED circuits. The system is grouped and managed according to specific needs, and a multi-mode control solution is implemented to ensure efficient and flexible lighting management.
Figure 5 "LED + smart" lighting system architecture
In the hardware design, sensors such as photo-sensitive, pyroelectric infrared, sound, and temperature sensors are used to detect environmental conditions. The collected data is processed by the CPU, converted into electrical signals, and transmitted to operational amplifiers for further processing. The control device then adjusts the LED lighting accordingly, as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6 "Smart + LED" lighting control architecture
The software of the "LED + intelligent" system is designed using modular integrated circuits, with the main program serving as the core. During operation, the main program directs the subroutines to process sensor data and send instructions to terminal LED lights.
2 "LED + Smart" Lighting Combined with Sensing Technology
2.1 The "Weapon" of Intelligent Lighting
An "LED + intelligent" lighting system integrates sensors, micro-control units (MCUs), and LED lights. Sensors collect and transmit signals, while MEMS technology continues to advance, making sensors smaller, more functional, and more intelligent. Through A/D and D/A conversion, the MCU processes sensor data to control LED lighting. Various sensors, including PIR, photo-sensitive, sound, ultrasonic, and Hall sensors, allow different control modes on the MCU, such as switching time, brightness adjustment, and color change. Sensing technology is the first step toward intelligent lighting and serves as a tool for gathering environmental data.
2.2 Commercial Lighting
In office spaces, shopping malls, and public areas, "LED + smart" lighting systems use sensors to manage LED lights efficiently. Wireless remote control and on-site control replace traditional switch-based methods, enhancing digital and networked control capabilities. For example, the EIB lighting system manages LED lighting through a network, allowing centralized monitoring and control of lighting and safety in buildings.
Figure 7 Commercial lighting system architecture
2.3 Plant Factory Lighting
With global challenges like food, resource, and environmental issues, plant factory lighting systems are gaining attention. These systems use sensors to monitor temperature, humidity, light, CO2 levels, and nutrient solutions, adjusting lighting parameters to support plant growth effectively.
2.4 Special Applications
In northern China, heating accounts for a significant portion of electricity use. Using sensor-based single-point heating systems allows targeted heating based on human presence, reducing energy waste. These systems use infrared LEDs and tracking technology to provide efficient, personalized heating solutions.
3 Sensing Technology Application Points and Trends
3.1 Sensor Application Points
As IoT technology advances, sensors are not only used for data collection but also for intelligent processing. Selecting the right sensors depends on application purpose, environmental conditions, and dynamic characteristics. Key considerations include high-temperature resistance, dust and moisture protection, corrosion resistance, electromagnetic compatibility, and explosion-proof performance.
3.2 Sensing Technology Application Trends
With the development of "LED + smart" lighting and sensing technology, wireless communication protocols like Wi-Fi, ZigBee, and TCP/IP are becoming integral to lighting systems. These technologies enable remote control and real-time monitoring, making smart lighting more accessible and convenient. The integration of sensors and wireless communication is driving the future of intelligent lighting, promising greater efficiency, comfort, and sustainability.
Conclusion
As sensor technology becomes more mature in "LED + smart" lighting systems, more types of sensors will be incorporated into lighting solutions. By combining multi-channel sensors with wireless communication, lighting systems are evolving to offer better performance and energy savings. As awareness of these systems grows, they will make daily life more convenient and comfortable, shaping the future of intelligent lighting technology.
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