Describing today's sweltering weather in one sentence might remind us of an ancient Chinese emperor’s poetic description: “Zhu Rongnan arrived with the whip of dragons, as fiery banners scorched the heavens crimson. The sun seemed trapped in the afternoon haze, leaving the land to simmer like an oven.†Meanwhile, a modern netizen humorously commented, “Even if I had a date, I’d be too lazy to step out the door.†To avoid turning into a human “grill,†staying cool is essential. But what about the power battery, the heart of a new energy vehicle, in such extreme heat? Can it keep its cool?
In an electric vehicle, the battery pack serves as the energy powerhouse, making it the most crucial component. Its performance hinges significantly on maintaining optimal temperature levels. During operation, the battery generates substantial heat, which can lead to temperature imbalances within the pack. This inconsistency impacts the overall efficiency and lifespan of the battery.
During discussions with battery system provider Huasheng Power, we learned that the thermal management system embedded in the battery management system employs various heat transfer mediums depending on the design, each with distinct cooling effects.
Using air as the medium offers simplicity, lightweight construction, efficient ventilation for harmful gas dispersal, and cost-effectiveness. However, its drawbacks include a low heat transfer coefficient with battery walls, slow cooling rates, and reduced efficiency.
Liquid cooling, on the other hand, boasts high heat transfer coefficients and rapid cooling speeds. Yet, it comes with added complexity in terms of structure, requiring additional components like jackets and heat exchangers, along with stringent sealing requirements. This results in heavier units that are harder to maintain.
Typically, these cooling methods—natural air cooling, forced air cooling, and liquid cooling—are categorized based on the chosen heat transfer medium. Natural air cooling primarily relies on exchanging heat between the battery pack casing and ambient air. It works well under mild conditions but isn't ideal for high-performance setups.
Forced air cooling involves strategically directing cooled air across the battery surface via specialized ducts, enhancing heat dissipation.
Liquid cooling, commonly employing a mix of water and ethylene glycol, places direct contact between coolant tubes and battery cells for superior thermal regulation.
Air cooling methods further split into parallel and serial ventilation configurations. Serial ventilation moves air sequentially across the pack, though this can create uneven temperatures due to heat propagation. Parallel ventilation ensures more uniform cooling by circulating air uniformly, preventing localized overheating.
Different vehicles adopt varying thermal management strategies. Electric buses favor air cooling due to their large sizes and lower power densities. Pure electric passenger cars, constrained by limited space, often combine heat pipes with water cooling for better efficiency and cost savings. Electric logistics vehicles, focusing on urban deliveries, typically rely on simpler air cooling solutions due to their low-power motors and shorter operational distances.
For summer-bound electric sedans, prolonged exposure to heat demands extra care. Owners should aim to minimize extended heat stress, avoid overcharging or deep discharging, and opt for slower charging methods to safeguard their battery packs.
So, in this scorching heat, how do we manage our EVs' thermal challenges? Are there innovative tricks to beat the heat?
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