Switching power supplies are now widely used in almost all electronic devices due to their compact size, lightweight design, and high efficiency. They have become an essential power solution for the fast-paced development of the electronics and information industry. However, designing a switching power supply is far more complex than it may seem. Especially when developing products like children's shoes that use contact-based switching power supplies, the peripheral circuits can be quite intricate. The components involved are diverse, with varying performance characteristics. To create a high-performance switching power supply, it's crucial to understand the types and main functions of these components.
This article aims to summarize key knowledge about common components found in switching power supply circuits. These components can generally be categorized into two groups: general-purpose components and specialized ones. Below is a detailed overview of the common components used in switching power supplies:
**1. Resistors**
- **Sampling resistor**: Used in the output voltage sampling circuit to provide feedback.
- **Voltage equalization resistor**: Helps balance DC input voltages in symmetrical circuits.
- **Voltage divider resistors**: Form a voltage divider network.
- **Bleed resistor**: Discharges capacitors in the EMI filter when the power is off.
- **Current limiting resistor**: Limits current flow, such as in Zener diode or optocoupler circuits.
- **Current sense resistor**: Works with overcurrent protection circuits to control output current.
- **Shunt resistor**: Bypasses current to protect other components.
- **Load resistance**: Represents the load connected to the power supply.
- **Minimum load resistance**: Ensures stable operation by preventing excessive output voltage under no load.
- **False load**: A temporary resistor used during testing to simulate real load conditions.
- **Filter resistor**: Used in LC, RC, and π-type filters to smooth signals.
- **Bias resistor**: Provides bias voltage to control terminals or stabilizes transistor operating points.
- **Protection resistor**: Often used in snubber circuits to absorb voltage spikes.
- **Frequency compensation resistor**: Part of an RC frequency compensation network for error amplifiers.
- **Damping resistor**: Prevents unwanted resonance in the circuit.
**2. Capacitors**
- **Filter capacitor**: Used in input and output filtering to reduce ripple.
- **Coupling capacitor**: Blocks DC while allowing AC signals to pass.
- **Decoupling capacitor**: Prevents self-oscillation in power supply circuits.
- **Soft-start capacitor**: Controls the gradual rise of output voltage during startup.
- **Compensation capacitor**: Part of an RC frequency compensation network.
- **Acceleration capacitor**: Increases the switching speed of transistors.
- **Oscillation capacitor**: Forms oscillators in RC or LC circuits.
- **Differential capacitor**: Creates differential circuits for sharp pulse generation.
- **Bootstrap capacitor**: Boosts the gate voltage of a MOSFET.
- **Delay capacitor**: Works with resistors to create time delays.
- **Energy storage capacitor**: Stores energy in DC/DC converters.
- **Phase shift capacitor**: Used in phase shifting circuits.
- **Doubling capacitor**: Part of a voltage doubler rectifier circuit.
- **Noise cancellation capacitor**: Filters out noise from the circuit.
- **Neutralizing capacitor**: Reduces self-oscillation in amplifiers.
- **Interference suppression capacitor**: Filters both common-mode and differential-mode noise in EMI filters.
- **Safety capacitor (X and Y capacitors)**: Ensures electrical safety by filtering interference.
**3. Inductors**
- **Filter inductor**: Used in LC filters to smooth output voltage.
- **Energy storage inductor**: Found in buck and boost DC/DC converters.
- **Oscillation inductor**: Part of LC oscillators.
- **Common-mode inductor**: Suppresses common-mode noise in EMI filters.
- **Series-mode inductor**: Acts as a choke in the input circuit.
- **Frequency compensation inductor**: Part of LC or LCR networks for stability.
**4. Transformers**
- **Power transformer**: Transforms and isolates AC power before rectification.
- **High-frequency transformer**: Used in switch-mode power supplies without a line-frequency transformer.
**5. Diodes**
- **Rectifier diode**: Converts AC to pulsating DC.
- **Freewheeling diode**: Protects against back EMF in inductive loads.
- **Clamping diode**: Absorbs voltage spikes to protect power transistors.
- **Blocking diode**: Prevents reverse current flow.
- **Protection diode**: Provides a return path during negative half-cycles.
- **Isolation diode**: Isolates signals between different circuits.
- **Anti-saturation diode**: Reduces saturation depth in power transistors.
**6. Rectifier Bridge**
- Converts AC to pulsating DC and is typically made up of four diodes or a pre-assembled bridge.
**7. Regulator Tube**
- Stabilizes output voltage, forms clamp circuits, and provides overvoltage protection.
**8. Transistor**
- Acts as a power switch in PWM modulators and controls various protection circuits.
**9. Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)**
- Serves as a power switch in PWM modulators or switching regulator controllers.
**10. Operational Amplifier**
- Used in error amplifiers, voltage control loops, and current control loops for precise regulation.
Understanding these components is essential for anyone involved in the design and development of switching power supplies. Each plays a critical role in ensuring efficiency, stability, and reliability in modern electronic systems.
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