Switching power supplies are widely used in nearly all electronic devices today due to their compact size, lightweight design, and high efficiency. They have become an essential power solution that supports the rapid development of the electronics and information industries.
Designing a switching power supply is more complex than it may appear at first glance. Especially when developing products like children's shoes with contact-based switching power supplies, the peripheral circuits can be quite intricate. The components used vary greatly in type and performance, making it crucial to understand their roles for designing a high-performance system.
This article aims to summarize the key components commonly found in switching power supply circuits. These components can be broadly categorized into general-purpose and specialized parts. Below is an overview of the most common components and their main functions:
**Resistors:**
1. **Sampling Resistor:** Forms part of the output voltage feedback circuit.
2. **Voltage Equalization Resistor:** Used in symmetrical DC input circuits to balance voltages.
3. **Voltage Divider Resistors:** Create a resistive divider network.
4. **Bleed Resistor:** Discharges capacitors in the EMI filter when the power is off.
5. **Current Limiting Resistor:** Limits current flow, such as in Zener diode or optocoupler circuits.
6. **Current Sense Resistor:** Works with overcurrent protection circuits to limit output current.
7. **Shunt Resistor:** Bypasses current in specific sections of the circuit.
8. **Load Resistance:** Represents the resistance seen by the power supply.
9. **Minimum Load Resistance:** Ensures stable operation by preventing excessive output voltage under no-load conditions.
10. **False Load:** A temporary load used during testing to simulate real-world conditions.
11. **Filter Resistor:** Part of LC, RC, or π-type filters.
12. **Bias Resistor:** Provides biasing for control terminals or stabilizes transistor operating points.
13. **Protection Resistors:** Used in snubber or clamp circuits for protection.
14. **Frequency Compensation Resistor:** Part of error amplifier compensation networks.
15. **Damping Resistor:** Prevents unwanted resonance in the circuit.
**Capacitors:**
1. **Filter Capacitor:** Used in input and output filtering.
2. **Coupling Capacitor:** Blocks DC while allowing AC signals to pass.
3. **Decoupling Capacitor:** Prevents self-oscillation in power supply circuits.
4. **Soft-Start Capacitor:** Controls the gradual rise of output voltage during startup.
5. **Compensation Capacitor:** Part of frequency compensation networks.
6. **Acceleration Capacitor:** Increases transistor switching speed.
7. **Oscillation Capacitor:** Helps form oscillators in the circuit.
8. **Differential Capacitor:** Creates sharp pulses in differential circuits.
9. **Bootstrap Capacitor:** Boosts the gate drive voltage for high-side switches.
10. **Delay Capacitor:** Used in RC delay circuits.
11. **Energy Storage Capacitor:** Stores energy in DC/DC converters.
12. **Phase Shift Capacitor:** Used in phase shift circuits.
13. **Doubler Capacitor:** Part of voltage doubler rectifier circuits.
14. **Noise Cancellation Capacitor:** Filters out electrical noise.
15. **Neutralize Capacitor:** Eliminates self-oscillation in amplifiers.
16. **Interference Suppression Capacitor:** Filters both common-mode and differential-mode noise in EMI filters.
17. **Safety Capacitor:** Includes X and Y capacitors for safety compliance.
18. **X Capacitor:** Filters common-mode interference between primary and secondary windings.
19. **Y Capacitor:** Filters differential-mode interference in EMI filters.
**Inductors:**
1. **Filter Inductor:** Part of LC filters.
2. **Energy Storage Inductor:** Used in buck or boost DC/DC converters.
3. **Oscillation Inductor:** Part of LC oscillators.
4. **Common Mode Inductor:** Suppresses common-mode noise in EMI filters.
5. **Series Mode Inductor:** Reduces input noise in switching power supplies.
6. **Frequency Compensation Inductor:** Part of LC or LCR compensation networks.
**Transformers:**
1. **Power Frequency Transformer:** Isolates and steps down AC voltage before rectification.
2. **High-Frequency Transformer:** Used in switch-mode power supplies for isolation and voltage transformation.
**Diodes:**
1. **Rectifier Diode:** Converts AC to pulsating DC.
2. **Freewheeling Diode:** Protects against back EMF from inductive loads.
3. **Clamping Diode:** Absorbs voltage spikes to protect MOSFETs.
4. **Blocking Diode:** Prevents reverse current flow.
5. **Protection Diode:** Provides a return path for AC signals.
6. **Isolation Diode:** Provides signal isolation.
7. **Anti-Saturation Diode:** Reduces saturation in power transistors for faster turn-off.
**Rectifier Bridge:**
A bridge of four diodes that converts AC to pulsating DC, often used in power supply inputs.
**Regulator Tube:**
Used in simple voltage regulation circuits to stabilize output voltage and provide overvoltage protection.
**Transistor:**
Functions as a power switch in PWM modulators and helps control output voltage and current.
**Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET):**
Acts as a high-speed power switch in PWM controllers and switching regulators.
**Operational Amplifier:**
Used in error amplifiers, voltage control loops, and current control loops to maintain stable output.
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