[PConline News] Recently, some of the most severe vulnerabilities in the history of x86 architecture were revealed. These two vulnerabilities are named Meltdown and Spectre. The first one, Meltdown, primarily affects Intel x86 processors, including many generations of Core processors since the 45nm process. While the risk level isn't as high as initially feared, the impact is far-reaching, as ARM, AMD, and Intel processors could all be affected. Following the disclosure, Intel faced criticism, but it has been relatively quick to respond with bug fixes. In collaboration with Microsoft, Google, and other vendors, patches have been released across various systems. However, fixing the issue requires not only software updates but also BIOS upgrades.
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Meltdown and Spectre are linked to the architectural design of modern processors, but Intel has clarified that this is not a flaw in the processor design itself, but rather an unintended use of the branch prediction function. To address the vulnerability, both operating system patches and microcode updates for the processors are required. Microsoft, Apple, and Google have already rolled out OS-level fixes, while Intel has gradually released microcode updates, which are then distributed through motherboard manufacturers for BIOS upgrades.
In response to the updates, MSI was among the first to act, releasing a BIOS update for its Z370 series motherboards last week. ASUS followed suit, providing BIOS upgrades for its 100, 200, and 300 series motherboards. GIGABYTE took a more user-friendly approach by launching a dedicated page on its official website, highlighting which motherboard models needed BIOS updates and informing users about the relevant issues. You can find all the details on the GIGABYTE website. ASRock recently started rolling out BIOS updates as well, targeting Skylake, Kaby Lake, Coffee Lake, and X299 series boards.
So far, the four major motherboard manufacturers have released BIOS updates to address the x86 processor vulnerabilities, mainly for the Intel platform. While fixing these security holes is essential, the performance impact is complex. As previously explained, addressing the issue requires modifying the CPU’s kernel page table, which leads to performance degradation. According to Intel's own tests, comparing 6th to 8th generation Core processors, the results showed varying degrees of performance loss. For example, the Core i7-8700K experienced a drop of 0–12% in Windows 10 benchmarks, with an average of around 5%. Considering that the IPC improvements between generations are relatively small, even a 5% reduction could bring the performance back to levels seen in previous generations. Some older processors, like Skylake and Kaby Lake, saw even larger drops in certain tests.
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