CSMA/CD employs a binary exponential backoff algorithm, which is designed to reduce the likelihood of repeated collisions during data transmission. This algorithm adjusts the waiting time before retransmitting after a collision, and the delay increases exponentially with each successive collision. Each device involved in a collision maintains a collision counter, and as more collisions occur, the backoff time grows longer, helping to distribute traffic more evenly across the network.
The term "binary exponential backoff" refers to the method where, after each collision, the station waits for a random amount of time that doubles after every failed attempt. This approach helps manage heavy network loads by preventing multiple stations from attempting to transmit at the same time, which could lead to further collisions. Without such a mechanism, devices might repeatedly collide immediately after one another, causing a cycle of failures and reducing overall network efficiency.
In the CSMA/CD protocol, once a collision is detected, the transmitting station must wait for a random period before attempting to send the data again. To ensure stability and prevent continuous collisions, the binary exponential backoff algorithm is used. The process involves several key steps:
1. Determine the base backoff time, typically based on the round-trip propagation delay (2t), which is also known as the contention window.
2. Define a parameter 'k' that depends on the number of collisions. Initially, k is set to the minimum of the number of collisions or 10. If the number of collisions exceeds 10, k remains at 10.
3. A random number 'r' is selected from the range [0, 1, ..., 2^k - 1]. The station then waits for a duration of r multiplied by the base backoff time.
4. When the number of collisions exceeds 10, the value of 'r' is chosen from the range [0, 1, ..., 2^10 - 1].
5. If the number of collisions exceeds 16, the transmission is considered unsuccessful, the frame is discarded, and an error message is sent.
For example, if a second collision occurs:
- n = 2
- k = min(2, 10) = 2
- r ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3}
- Delay = r × 512 × Bit-time
If the transmission rate is 10 Mbit/s, then Bit-time = 0.1 μs, and the possible delays are 0, 51.2 μs, 102.4 μs, and 153.6 μs.
This algorithm ensures that stations do not keep retrying at the same time, thus reducing congestion and improving the overall performance of the network.
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