The previous network was mainly used for the access of individual users, also known as the "person network." Under the situation that the development of "People's Network" is gradually approaching "saturation", the Internet of Things ("Internet of Things") has high hopes.
The arrival of the Internet of Things, what it means for network development, seems to be difficult to ponder.
In fact, to understand and predict the development trend of the future network, we must first start from the development model of "People's Network". After understanding the previous development model, the development of "Internet of Things" is not difficult to "foresee".
I. Network capability requirements of the Internet of ThingsNow, with the slowdown in users and new business growth, the tight network seems to be finally relieved.
However, we are not happy too early, and new contradictions are already brewing. It is brought about by the “Internet of Thingsâ€. As the Internet of Things is gradually integrated into all walks of life, various types of terminals are connected to the Internet, and their demand for connectivity has changed a lot.
There are two ways to look at changes in connection requirements.
1. The "individual needs" of the terminal
Due to industry differences and professional complexity, terminals that carry applications are also more "personalized" in connection requirements.
(1) Increase in demand for small data and high frequency transmission: In the Internet of Things, some terminals are equipped with simple sensors, and they produce very little information, so each time a packet is transmitted to the network is very small. However, for real-time monitoring applications, the period of data generated by the IoT terminal is very short, so the frequency of transmitting data to the network is high. High-frequency small data connection requirements are not common in human-oriented network applications.
(2) Sharing and sharing of some IoT data. In traditional information systems, data is usually “exclusive†by a single application system; in future IoT scenarios, data can be shared across multiple systems. In particular, environmental data in public places can be opened to various types of applications and terminals to facilitate the use of environmental information values ​​by various industries.
(3) The demand for network quality varies greatly.
The application of the industrial automation category requires real-time manipulation of the production line, so the delay in controlling the data transmission must be strictly controlled;
The application of the later analysis and prediction can temporarily store the data in the edge network, and then transmit the data to the cloud when the network is not busy;
Low-power devices should reduce the amount of communication data and shorten the length of data packets delivered. For enterprise important assets, financial billing terminals, security equipment, etc., robust network security protection and end-to-end Network tunnel service;
For low-information and terminal-redundant environmental test data, the network can appropriately lower the quality assurance: for example, dozens of hygrometers are deployed in a field, if some of the hygrometers have not been sent to the network for part of the time period. This does not affect the farmers' judgment on the irrigation of crops.
2. The overall needs of the application
For the overall needs of the application, a word is used to summarize the "social needs" between devices. The terminal runs the application in "multi-point to multi-point" and "multi-threaded concurrent" mode to achieve IoT social interaction between individuals (terminals).
(1) Multi-point to multi-point
In the process of “sharing data†and “shared productsâ€, the “multi-point to multi-point†connection mode will emerge.
For the maximization of information value, data sharing is widely practiced in IoT applications. For example, many environmental information (temperature, humidity, wind, etc.) can be used in various industries.
Some public areas share this part of the data to various industry applications (such as agriculture, tourism, transportation, trade shows, etc.), which is beneficial to the cost management of enterprises and reduces fixed investment.
“Sharing†allows items to “serve everyone†through multi-family leasing, and shared business forms can unlock the value of “objectsâ€. The emerging IoT application lies in the release of value from information “cross-domain, cross-system, and cross-userâ€. Data is no longer enjoyed by a single system, a single enterprise, or a single user.
Sharing requires the network to adapt to the "Full Mesh" networking requirements, making it easier for data to reach terminals and systems that are "interesting" to it, and to control the consumption of network resources.
(2) Multi-process concurrency
Intelligent terminals usually have the ability to process information concurrently with multiple processes. With the increasing complexity of IoT applications, the “multi-point to multi-point†interaction requirements for smart terminals will also “swell upâ€.
Just like the computers and mobile phones that we often use (configure multiple network cards or multiple types of communication interfaces), smart terminals can also be configured with multiple or multiple types of communication interfaces, and have the ability to process information in multiple processes.
For information processing such as collection of environmental information, detection of operational status, and control decision-making, it can be synchronized on a smart terminal and form a good synergistic effect to achieve an ideal application function.
This kind of converged communication, multi-directional connection, and concurrent processing features will appear more and more on smart terminals, bringing more possibilities and creativity to edge applications.
2. Differences in network requirements between traditional networks (People's Network) and Internet of Things (NET)From a macro perspective, the “social demand†of the terminal presents a diversified and complicated development trend, which will promote the rapid growth of the demand for Internet of Things applications, and this growth rate will completely exceed the growth of market demand in the past. . “The past market†is a human-oriented communication and Internet market.
1. "Number of connections" becomes a variable
In a personal terminal-based network, "people" is the most important network user, so "number" is the most critical reference factor for network capacity.
Other reference factors are mainly business requirements, which can be considered from two aspects (described above in detail): one is the network requirement of a single service (different services are different in terms of guaranteeing the quality of their services, and the consumption basis of network resources is different) The telecommunications and Internet services have stabilized, so the business needs can be regarded as a constant;
The other is the user's demand for "connections" (which determines the density of a terminal's bearer service). Since the individual has an upper limit on the demand for information connections ("Dengbar number", etc.), the "connection number" can also be a constant. Said: In addition, the number of apps in the personal mobile phone is basically the same, or slowly growing, so the background connection established by these App software is basically a constant.
For the previous network development, the business demand and the number of connections all fluctuated around a constant, and the number of people has been increasing. Therefore, when designing the network capacity, mainly based on the number of people, the number and capacity can be expressed by a first-order equation. Linear relationship (described above).
When a myriad of terminals composed of chips and boards become network users, the model of network requirements changes. Obviously, there is a constant that will become the variable: "number of connections".
The concept of "connections" has existed before. For example, in the Internet service of the operator data domain, the prediction and design of the network capacity will take into account the "number of connections" of the mobile phone (for example, the PDN connection in the LTE network), and the number of concurrent connections is mainly considered here.
When the user dials the Volte phone using the mobile phone and plays the "Glory of the King", the carrier network actually establishes a dedicated data connection for each of the two applications of the mobile phone. Although a smart terminal such as a mobile phone can establish multiple connections, it is a device that serves people, and the connection it establishes is mainly oriented to people's needs.
In the case of a person's demand is basically constant, the connection requirements of the terminal are not too much.
When IoT terminals are "smart", the demand for connections will change. To build more robust and complex IoT applications, companies need their terminals to collect and deliver more relevant information. Therefore, the “interest†of the Internet of Things terminals on environmental information, other device information, and user information will become more and more concentrated.
The developer will equip the terminal with more communication interfaces to collect data, and process the data through multi-thread synchronization, and then forward the processed information to terminals that are also "interested". The number of connections will be in a "fully connected" state between a subset of smart devices (of the same type or related industries) (eg a group of unmanned aircraft that are performing in flight, each drone and others) The drone establishes a communication connection).
In other words: in the Internet of Things, the "number of connections" and the "number of terminals" have a second-order linear relationship. (Note: This linear relationship applies to the local scope of the Internet of Things: in an edge network or within the same terminal range).
It can be seen from the figure that the connection requirement of each new terminal is no longer a constant value, but depends on the number of terminals "N" in the original network. Therefore, when the number of terminals in the Internet of Things reaches a certain level, each additional device may increase the number of connections that are difficult to count.
2. The improvement of the processing power of IoT terminals will boost the "connection growth"
There are two main key elements that can support the terminal to continuously expand the number of connections:
The continuous fermentation of Moore's Law in the field of chip manufacturing (although it has slowed down) has enabled the terminal's information processing capabilities to continue to increase and drive connectivity.
The way information is obtained is not limited. The communication mode of the terminal depends on the assembled communication module or sensing device, and the terminal can add various communication modules to enhance its interactive capability.
People are limited by physiological conditions, and they can neither work day and night nor handle multiple tasks at the same time, and it is even more impossible to increase the speed of information processing without restriction. However, the terminals of the Internet of Things are different. They can continuously improve the basic performance, increase the communication capability of the accessories, and optimize the processing efficiency by software optimization. They can constantly break through the capacity bottlenecks, get more information and process them.
When faced with the "barbaric growth" characteristics of the terminal, the originally designed network model will be difficult to keep up with the (local) connection demand in the "second-order equation". The prosperous terminals in the network edge will quickly exhaust the network. Resources and ultimately limit the performance of all devices in the IoT.
3. The network calls for transformation
The existing network (mainstream IP network) emphasizes the "end-to-end" "transparent" connection. This reliable but "one size fits all" connection will cause serious bottlenecks in the development of the Internet of Things in the future (most At least in a long development phase): Network capacity growth is slower than connection demand growth.
In addition, the IPv6 technology proposed by experts and organizations in many related fields, due to the larger number of bytes in the header of the message, may increase the network burden and make the network bottleneck more prominent (in the business burst phase).
In my opinion, to solve the problem of the surge in the number of Internet of Things connections, it is necessary to introduce other novel network modes and features. In other words, "the network also needs transformation."
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