Born in 1867 at the Richland Center in Wisconsin, Frank Lloyd Wright has spent more than 70 years designing his design ideas for the 20th century architecture and art. In addition, Wright is a prolific writer, educator and philosopher. In a recent national survey of the American Institute of Architects, Wright was known as the greatest architect in the United States. His work reflects an instinctive focus on society and people's needs and the pursuit of natural and natural materials. On April 9, 1959, Wright died in Phoenix, Arizona, at the age of 91.
Wright's life:
Born on June 8, 1867 (1869) in Richland, Wisconsin. (Unknown) Studying civil engineering at the University of Wisconsin, but the results are average, leaving the school after 3 months of graduation.
In 1887, I went to Chicago to find a job. The Chicago architectural community was heavily influenced by architects Adler and Louis Henry Sullivan.
In 1888 he entered the architectural firm of architects D. Atler and L. Sullivan.
In 1889, he married six children with his first wife.
In 1893, the office was opened until its death, during which more than 800 buildings were designed, of which about 400 were built.
Traveled to Japan in 1905.
In 1909, he fell in love with the wife of a customer and separated from his first wife. In the same year, Wright traveled to Europe and Japan to avoid the accusations from all walks of life.
In 1911 Wright returned to live in his hometown of Tari Essen, Wisconsin.
In 1914, Wright's lover and his child were burned to death by an unexpected fire in Tarry Essen.
He died in Phoenix, USA on April 9, 1959.
Overview of the main works:
1902 Willitts House, Chicago
1905 Larkin Building, Buffalo, NY
1907 Illinois Residences (Isabel Roberts House, River Forest, Illinois)
1908 Chicago Robby House
Building and living headquarters in Talysin, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1911
1915-1922 Imperial Hotel, Tokyo
1936 Kaufmann House on Waterfall
Unknown Johnson headquarters (Johnson and son, Inc Racine, Wiscosin)
1938 Scottsdale, Arizona
The Guggenheim Museum (New York) was opened in October 1959.
Some of Wright's works:
Wright's design philosophy
Architecture is a wonderful thing, and architecture reflects not only the shape of the building itself, but also the internal spatial relationship.
From the building you can interpret the master's outlook on life and the culture of architectural expression. From the perspective of a building, you can appreciate it from eternity.
Wright is a typical example. Wright grew up in the natural environment of the Wisconsin Gorge, and lived on the farm in Wright, where he lived in the sunset and rested. In the hard work that nature asks for, he understands the land, and realizes the mysterious power and potential life flow hidden in the four seasons, and realizes the inherent melody and rhythm of nature.
Wright also believes that the house should not only reasonably arrange the bedroom, living room, dining cabinet, bathroom and study to make it easier for daily life, but more importantly, enhance the family's cohesiveness. His understanding makes him in the new residential design. Putting the stove at the heart of the home makes it an essential but natural place. Wright's ideas and methods influenced his architecture.
Wright's life experienced a groping to establish spatial meaning and its expression, from the physical to the space, from the static space to the flow and continuous space, in the development of the dynamic space of the four-degree sequence expansion, and finally to achieve a dramatic space. Bruno. Seve said that he would like to comment on Wright's contribution: "The organic building space is full of dynamic, orientation-induced, perspective and vivid and clear creation. His dynamic is creative because its purpose is not to pursue dazzling visual effects, but to seek performance. The activity of living in it is itself.
Wright proposed:
1. Advocating a natural architectural view.
Wright's prairie-style dwellings reflect the combination of human activities, purpose, technology and nature. They have fundamentally changed the housing and homestead. The garden has almost reached the heart of the living room, blending inside and outside. The life of the same person. In this way, the living room is in the embrace of nature. He believes that if our building has vitality, it should reflect the more vivid human condition here today. Architecture is a place where human beings are concerned and human expression is higher. Therefore, architecture is basically the greatest record in the human literature, and the most faithful record of the times, regions and people.
2. Belongs to the architectural culture of the United States.
We should not ignore the requirements of future generations, but we should seek the present joy and rich life. The revolution cannot ignore the creation of the past, but we should try our best to digest and absorb it into our minds. Wright first built on the value of folk traditions to create America's own culture. One example is the porch of the house, which originated from the Swiss and empire's gallery, and later appeared in the homes of planters in the southern United States. At the beginning of the 19th century, American houses generally adopted a porch as an entertainment area. Wright accepted this traditional component, but in his prairie house he did not use the porch to surround the interior of the house but to use it to keep it. And extend the floor plan of the home, such as the Wens Road Residence. Another is the use of the cross-cut plane, which was originally an intrinsic form of traditional American dwellings. This plane is conducive to three-side lighting. Wright inherits this form, but he makes the space stretch outwards and wears up and down, resulting in New space effects.
3. Live organic architecture
Architects should create as much as nature. All concepts mean coordinating with the natural environment of the base, using natural materials such as wood and stone to consider people's needs and feelings. Wright believes that "only when everything is partial to the whole as the whole is partial to the local, we can say that the organism is a living thing. This relationship that can be found in any animal or plant is the root of organic life, ... I It is proposed here that the so-called organic architecture is the border county of the human spirit, the living architecture, and of course such a building must be a true portrayal of human social life. This living building is a modern new whole. This kind of "living" The concept can make the architect get rid of the inherent form of restraint, pay attention to the corresponding measures according to the user, topographical features, climatic conditions, cultural background, technical conditions, material characteristics, and ultimately achieve natural results rather than arbitrary Strengthening the form of fixed zombie. This method of seeking answers from itself also makes the architect's idea a new opportunity, so that the inspiration never dies, and innovation never ends. Wright's organic architectural concept advocates the interior space of the building. It is the main body of architecture. Wright tries to achieve the integrity by virtue of the resilience and continuity of the building structure. He explained that this kind of continuous ambiguity Including the overlapping of planes, the connection of space; the wall, the floor and the flat roof are both continuous extensions of themselves and other aspects, eliminating the clearly decomposed beam-column system in the structure, especially the use of the cantilever, as the overall structure, The extension of space provides technical possibilities. The concept and integrity of "living" are the two basic principles of organic architecture, reflecting the intrinsic function and purpose of architecture, and coordinating with the environment; reflecting the nature of materials is the creation of organic architecture. The specific performance.
4. Technology for the art service
The science and technology that entered the western capitalist world in the twentieth century has developed rapidly. Various types of machines have emerged and gradually entered people's daily lives, making unprecedented changes in society. This poses challenges for architects who have long been in traditional forms. In the face of new technology, Wright whipped his enthusiasm for the new machine era in design practice. He felt that the house should have the streamlined shape of ships, planes and cars, so the structure should show continuity and contempt, and seek a new era. Sense of space. He said: "Science can create civilization, but it cannot create culture. Under the rule of science, people's life will become boring. ... Engineers are scientists, and may also have originality and creativity, but he is not one. The artist created."
5. The nature of the performance material
Wright's architectural work is full of natural gas and artistic charm, and the secret lies in his unique insights into materials. The natural view of pantheism determines his respect for the natural properties of materials. He not only pays attention to the various exotic ecology of the vast biological world, but also carefully studies the intrinsic properties of materials, including morphology, geometry, color, mechanics and chemical properties. He pointed out; "Every material has its own language...each material has its own story," "For creative artists, each material has its own message and has its own song. â€
6. Continuous motion space
Wright does not think that space is just a negative illusory emptiness, but as a powerful development force that can push open the wall, cross the floor, and even uncover the roof, so Wright is getting more and more Not satisfied with the use of rectangles to accommodate this power, he explored the use of new shapes to shape this force, Haibei's shell gave him such a revelation, the space of motion must have a dynamic shell - an infinite Continuous decency.
7. There are characteristics and poetic forms
Wright’s view of “simplicity†was influenced by Japan. He also greatly appreciated the Japanese religion’s stipulations on “netâ€, that is, the net heart and the net body, which regarded redundancy as a crime, and obviously affected the traditional Japanese architecture. Advocating the elimination of meaningless things in art and making everything very natural and organic, and returning to nature. "Romantic" is Wright's organic architectural language. He said: "In the field of organic architecture, human imagination can transform a crude structural language into a corresponding noble form, rather than designing a lifeless facade and showing off. The structural skeleton, the form of poetry for great buildings is like green leaves and trees, flowers and plants. Muscles are as indispensable as bones."
1
High-TG PCB
The glass transition temperature of a Printed Circuit Board, referred to as "Tg ", indicates the point at which the PCB material will begin to transform. If the operating temperature exceeds the designated Tg value, the board will begin to change from a solid to a liquid state, which is likely to have an adverse effect on its ability to function.
BentePCB are manufactured with materials offering a TG value of 140C, which can withstand an operating temperate of 110C. While this may not be suitable for extreme-temperature processes that are commonplace in applications such as automotive, industrial or high-temperature electronics. In these situations, a PCB made from FR-4 material can often provide the best solution.
What Is FR-4?
FR-4 is a grade designation for flame-retardant fiberglass reinforced epoxy material. Thus, an FR-4 circuit board offers a much greater level of resistance to heat than a Standard PCB. FR-4 circuit boards are divided into four classifications that are determined by the number of copper trace layers found in the material:
· • Single-sided
· • Double-sided
· • Four, six or 10 layers
· • More than 10 layers
Providing the Right High-Temperature PCB for Your Applications
BentePCB offers a wide selection of high-temperature PCB products manufacturing services either with FR-4 or other high-quality heat- and temperature-resistant Tg materials. We are able to perform high-temperature PCB fabrication for automotive, industry and high-temperature electronics applications. We can manufacture High-Tg PCBs with a Tg value of up to 180°C. Following table lists some of our commonly used materials for High-Tg PCBs production.
|
Material |
TG |
Td |
CTE-z |
Td260 |
Td288 |
|
S1141 (FR4) |
175 |
300 |
55 |
8 |
/ |
|
S1000-2M (FR4) |
180 |
345 |
45 |
60 |
20 |
|
IT180 |
180 |
345 |
45 |
60 |
20 |
|
Rogers 4350B |
280 |
390 |
50 |
/ |
|
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